The Daily Star: Meeting the Nobel Prize Winners

THE “Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates” is a global rendezvous of scholars. Each year this conference is arranged to accumulate the Nobel Laureates and academicians as well as young researchers from all over the world beside the Lake Constance in Lindau, Germany. The theme of this conference is mainly four broad topics in which the Nobel Prize is awarded: Physics, Medicine, Chemistry, and Economic Science.

This scientific program encompasses various policy debates, interdisciplinary platform discussions, and lectures presented by the Laureates. It provides the scope for getting acquainted with great thinkers of this time and for experiencing cross-cultural pattern of academics. Demonstration of the groundbreaking research works by the Nobel Laureates welcomes young minds to exercise their talent and broaden their spectrum of knowledge. This conference not only deals with textbook notions but also focuses on application and implementation in real world.

In 2008 the 3rd Meeting of the Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was held by the Lindau authority in collaboration with University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. I was one of the fortunate participants in the “Young Researcher” category. It is a great honor and privilege for me to be the sole participant representing my country as well as my institution, University of Dhaka.

Apart from the two Bangladeshi participants, Dr. Abu Shonchoy (Fellow, Australian Academy of Science, Australia) and me, there was Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yunus (Nobel Peace prize, 2006) in the meeting of Nobel laureates as the first Bangladeshi ever.

On the first day of the event, a symphony by a group of musicians proclaimed the opening of 3rd Lindau Meetings of Nobel laureates, 2008. After the opening address by Countess Bettina Berandotte, Dr. Joseph Ackermann was declared as a new member in the Honorary Senate by the authority. Then a panel discussion was arranged highlighting “Systemic Risks in Financial markets”. The moderator was David Wessel, Editor, Wall Street Journal. The panelists were: Prof. Mcfadden, Prof Yunus, Prof Scholes and Prof Stiglitz. The inter-active discussion session was mainly focused on the financial activities of Europe and United States.

Afterwards a lecture by Prof. Yunus revealed the new possibilities of micro-credit to eradicate extreme poverty from the globe. He highlighted the theme “Social Business is the Solution”. His speech convinced the audience and gave an optimistic view to do social business, a new concept of non-profit business (to be more specific, business without any monetary benefit).

All in all, the event was awe inspiring in terms of the potentials it promised. It is a dream come true for any young researcher.

Fahim Hassan 

(Student of Economics Department, DU)

Nature Video presents five short films on the future of physics.

Nature Video presents five short films on the future of physics. Recorded at the 2008 Nobel Laureate Meeting in Lindau, these films capture the conversations between young researchers and physics Laureates George Smoot, William Phillips, John Hall, David Gross and Gerardus 't Hooft. Join them as they grapple with universal ideas including dark matter, dark energy, the Large Hadron Collider, space-time and quantum computing.

Lectures Online

http://www.lindau-nobel.de/LecturesOnline.AxCMS?ActiveID=1173

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yunus, 2008 - 3rd Meeting in Economic Sciences

Nobel Laureates discuss on Climate Changes and Energy Challenges

Chaired by Prof. Dr. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Nobel laureates Deisenhofer (Chem '88), Giaever (Phy '73), Michel (Chem '88), Oshero (Phy '96), Rubbia (Phy '84), von Klitzing (Phy '85), Steinberger (Phy '88) sat down to discuss the two burning issues of the present: energy crisis and climate change. First the chair, Schellnhuber described the issues to be discussed. The common issues for both these challenges were: the extent to which these crises are to be mitigated, how to adapt to these changes in a planetary scale and whether to incorporate business community in combatting these challenges. Climate change and energy challenge are inter-related, the need for a combined strategy was also stressed. How science and technology can aid to mitigate this challenge was also another issue to be discussed.

The first question posed to Osheroff. "Do you think climate change is a tough problem?" To Osheroff, this is a very serious issue. The notion of climate change is not an aberration of weather, it is happening real. Dire floods in different parts of the world are the effects of this change. But climate change is very tough to predict and model due to highly non-linear effects. He also stressed that politics plays a essential role in determining the course climate change. Ethanol production was a part of a Republican lobby, he exemplified. But Ivar Giaever remained skeptical of climate change. Is this really going to happen, he doubted. Thirty years age, there was a grave global concern about acid rains, but that threat was not real. Again in the early ninety's, it was reported that there are holes in the atmosphere, but still the UV rays has not been a problem still. His stance was not against global warming. He feels, people of India and China, the highest producers of green house gasses also do have the right to use cars and electricity as the most developed nations. He also stressed that ocean is a massive heat reservoir that would help to keep the effects of global warming low. To him, nuclear energy is the best solution for combating energy crisis, but solar and wind energy are not very promising solutions.
But Prof. Rubbia seemed very concerned with these challenges. He put forward the statistics, by the time, the world population has quadrupled, the energy consumption has increased by sixty times. Klitzing elucidated the essential role of the increase of living standards to these challenges. Such problems need to be combatted globally, international cooperation is pivotal. Steinberger also emphasized the need for a global accord, the collaboration of human societies.
Then the chair moved to Deisenhoffer for a possible solution to these challenges. His opinion was that we cannot wait for a pollution free alternative energy sources, we cannot wait for fusion. We must nd a solution with what we have. In view of the signicant divergence of opinions in the panel, we added that difference in ideas is essential to finding an effective solution. Chemistry Prof. Michel then highlighted the effectiveness of bio-energy in solving the energy crisis. The greenery is very inefficient to convert the energy of photons to chemical energy. While solar cells have been reported to have efficiency of 15%, the efficiency of tree leaves is not more than 0.3%. The Nature tried for three billion years, but did not succeeded in significant increase in this conversion eciency. Bio-fuel may be a viable option for the countries like Brazil, but not in countries with scarce forests.

According to Prof. Rubia, solar and nuclear energies are the practical alternatives for energy without CO2. But none of them are ready to replace hydrocarbon energy sources. At present, 15000 GW of solar energy available. Solar energy incident on Saudi Arabia is enough to quench the energy thirst of the whole world. Storage is a major issue for effectively tapping this potential. On the other hand, there are three fundamental issues to be solved for a worldwide dissemination of nuclear power: Nuclear waste management, prevention of proliferation of nuclear technology for terrorist purposes and shortage of U-235. Rubia pointed that Thorium could be a viable alternative to U-235. The world has abundant reserves of it and Thorium cannot be used for nuclear weapons. In view of the worldwide ebb in nuclear energy research, he suggested that research funds must be channeled to Thorium. But Steinberger disagreed in such optimism. He recalled that in 1955, three was a hype that fusion energy will be a technology within ten years which is still not one. So the research eorts seeking energy solutions should be multi-focused.

Afterwards Osheroff and Steinberger proposed the idea of solar energy farm in the desolate places like the Sahara, Giaver again played the role of a skeptic. In his view, solar energy is too costly to be viable and he pointed out that with the coal reserves in USA alone, the world can run for another ve hundred years.

The discussion ended with the prediction that within next ten years one Nobel prize will be awarded for nding a solution to energy crisis and climate change. To Osheroff, the solutions to these burning issues would be engineering ones and the role of politicians are also integral to these issues. In the last words, Michel disagreed with the idea that there will be a ground-breaking Nobel winning discovery or invention for solving to these issues, the technological solution is already here. It is a matter of policy and political goodwill.

Klitzing's Vision of Carbon as the Material of the Future

Nature chose carbon as the material sustaining the life-blood in the earth. Scientists also envision carbon as the material for the future technologies. Klitzing in his talk on June 30, 2008 elucidated these points by highlighting the potentials of carbon based electronics. Diamond, carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene all are made of same carbon atoms, their properties vary enormously. In the first part, he explained different types of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFET), such as vertical CNTFET, high aspect ratio nanostick networks etc as well as growth techniques of CNT. However, the preparation of graphene samples happened to be the most interesting information to me. Graphene are one atomic thick layer of carbons and there is still to be an ecient method for synthesizing graphenes. Klitzing explained the scotch tape method of graphene separation, which nothing else but just the separation of a graphene layer from a sample of graphite flake by attaching flake to a scotch-tape. Apart from the interest in graphene from the point of view of technology, graphenes are wonderful one dimensional system to observe different relativistic phenomena such as mass less Dirac Fermions.

The evening discussion session with Klitzing was a very interesting one. As I asked him about his projections on silicon being replaced by carbon nanotubes as the functional material for electronics, Klitzing became skeptical about the prospects of CNT for electronics. CNT devices has to be of orders of magnitude better performance than silicon for that. But there might be few off-stream applications for CNT, for example, as VLSI interconnects. He also shared the events that ensued after his discovery of quantum Hall effect. As he submitted a paper reporting his discovery of this effect to a journal, it got rejected. Afterwards, he happened to meet the editor of this journal in a conference and explained him in details all the discoveries. The editor was convinced and his paper got accepted. Such a great discovery was largely unanticipated in solid state physics in the 1970s . His discovery led to a fundamental connection between electrical resistance and the fundamental constants and is used worldwide for accurate calibration of resistances. It also led to a new determination of the fine structure constant. The 'von Klitzing constant', RK = 25812.807 ohm is named after him. Did he guess that he is going to get Nobel Prize? He indeed did. After this discovery, he was invited to give talks all over the world. And he joked saying that, the Nobel committee spent more money to investigate the impact of this discovery than the prize money.

He explained the role of fundamental physical constants as the basis for defining measurement units independently from space and time. Based on the physical constant, such as, h or G, the fundamental units of measurement are going to be redefined in 2011. His discovery is going to play a pivotal role in redefining the measurement units. He elucidated the relation between the measurement of mass and h. His suggestions for prospective researchers was like this, 'try to find the bumps on the curves.' A good researcher has a good feeling about which effects are vital for understanding the bumps on the curves and which ones to ignore. Being a pure experimentalist, he reiterated the necessity to be in contact with solid state theoreticians and vice versa too. Designs experiments cleverly is an important trait of a good experimentalist, he said. But being at the right place at the right time is the essential ingredient for ground breaking discoveries and inventions. He concluded by saying that in the 1970s the stage was set for his discovery; if he had not discovered quantum Hall effect, someone else would surely had done it soon.

Few minutes with Peter Gruenberg, the Father of Spintronics

As an electrical engineer, the talk that interested I was interested in most most was the one by Peter Gruenberg, the 2007 Nobel Laureate in Physics, since his discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) revolutionized the computer memory technology within just ten years and has led to exponential increase in the capacity of memory devices to the terra byte regime. GMR effect happens to be the basis of read heads of modern hard disk drives and nonvolatile magnetic random access memory (MRAM). GMR based memory is considered as the st commercial product of nanotechnology.

Gruenberg's talk began at 9.30 am on July 1. At the age of 69, senility has taken much of his physical strength, but his talk attested that his mind is still very active. In his slow speech, he described his inventions in a chronological order. Beginning with his 1986 invention of inter-layer exchange coupling and 1987 discovery of GMR, he briey described the concepts of current-in-plane (CIP) GMR, current-parallel-plane (CPP) GMR and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). In the conclusion he explained how these inventions led to the revolution in computer applications and upheld the vision of engineering the spin properties of materials enabling spintronics.

On the 4th of July, I had an opportunity of have an intimate discussion with Prof. Gruenberg. As soon as, he heard that I am an electrical engineer, he reminisced that after graduating as physicist he thought of studying electrical engineering. But as it required time and effort to bridge between these two different elds, he did not go forward in that direction. Although his research is mainly application oriented, he finds enjoyment in doing theoretical research. To him, experimental research and applications are inherently tied to the advancement of science. As he expressed his own ideas of the role of technology in developing countries, he gave the examples of solar energy technology, cellular communication technology having impact on the developing
countries. He also mentioned the research on these technologies at Juelich Research Lab, where he belongs to.

I finish this section with a popular hearsay about him. At Juelich, the only instances of his locomotion are seen when he goes in and out of the lab in the morning and evening respectively. All the other times, he sit sill in his table and occasionally looks down under his table in search of something mysterious.

The story of my camera

For the frequent fliers, especially for the Europe bound fliers, Dubai airport has a great value as shopping center. But that proved completely wrong for me. I was to buy a battery for my antiquated analog PRIMA ZOOM85 camera. But to my great disappointment, the crew at the Dubai shopping mall informed me of that, for quite a while, all types of alkaline batteries have been banned in Dubai airport. And to my great frustration, I realized that I am to be without a camera during this once-in-a-lifetime experience with Nobel laureates at Lindau! With the rich in-flight entertainment (150 movies including few of the 2007 releases), the four hour journey from Dhaka starting at 10.30am on 27 January was not below my expectations. The shopping experience made me completely clueless. However this is not the first time I felt stupid during this trip.

After a three and half hour transit at Dubai we got into the plane. The ac in the plane was not working. So the plane delayed for one and half hour in Dubai. The temperature outside was around 35 degrees Celsius and we felt like burning onboard the aircraft. As the crew corrected the fault, the plane took off and we found that the in-flight entertainment in this plane is much worse than the earlier one. It had a only 5 movies to select from, the Dhaka-Dubai flight had 150!

After a tiresome fourteen hour journey we reached Munich at 10.50pm (Munich time). The scheduled arrival time was 8.55pm. So it was long one and half hour waiting at Munich airport for Sumit vi, whom I would like to introduce to you now. Sumit vi (full name Sumit Paul) is an electrical engineering graduate (class of 2005) from BUET and currently a PhD student at Germany. He has been here for last two years and has been the focal point for all the Bangladeshi students. Tacit and ever-smiling Sumit vi is. We got to his uncle’s place. After a good dinner we got to sleep at .

The next morning we visited a few places in Munich, Olympic stadium and the BMW showroom. Well I did not know, BMW originated in Munich (Bayern Munchen Wolkswagen). Afterwards we had a very good lunch at the Shurbahar, a Bangladeshi owned Indian hotel in Munich. It was fun indeed!

I would finish this blog with the final unfortunate twist in my luck. To my short-lived ecstasy, I found an electronics shop at the Munich train station, which sold batteries for my age-old camera. I immediately bought the battery along with two films. It cost 15 euro in total (104 times 15 = 1560 tk). I put the battery in the camera. And I realized it is actually my camera that is out of order. This time bad luck was financially frustrating too!

Lindau, Germany, 2 July

Ivar Giaever: The Mechanical Engineer Turned Physicist

I was a bit remorsed when I met a few participants of this Lindau meeting on the first day (28 July 2008). Most of them were theoretical physicists (quantum field theory stuffs, !!$?!+*?) and sometimes they tended to look down even upon solid state physics as sub par members of physics community. Gross, the man with a cigar in his photo, the Nobel laureate of 2004 seemed the man of everyone. Myself being an electrical engineer felt being selected for this program mistakenly by the Lindau council. It was no place for me. But as Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate of 1973, delivered his lecture I felt very dignified. By training, Giaver was a mechanical engineer!

Giaever is a very hilarious man. He is a Norwegian, and there are no participants from Norway. So he is not happy. He started his story of invention, the discovery of superconducting tunneling. Having graduated in 1952 from the Norwegian Institute of Technology as a mechanical engineer, he went to Canada and finally joined General Electric Company in USA. He has an interesting story on his getting the job at GE. Unlike in the US grading system, in Norweigian grading system the best grade is 1.0 and the worst is 6.0 and 4.0 is barely passing. He got 4.0 in both mathematics and physics in undergraduate! Luck turned on him and the interview committee at GE commented on his grade like this, ‘I see, you are very good in mathematics and physics, you got 4.0 in both.’ Giaever remembers that day, `Haven’t I been bad in mathematics and physics, there would be no Nobel prize for me.’ His works began with John Fischer at GE and he was asked to do experiments on tunneling phenomena in thin films. For Giaever, the classical mechanical engineer, how small balls like electron can pass through a wall without damaging the wall or itself! It was an enigma to him. He then went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) in Troy to study physics in 1958 where he had his first lessons on quantum mechanics and superconductivity. He finished his PhD in 1964. It was the class on superconductivity by Professor Huntington at RPI, when he started to get his miracle ideas. Blending his understanding of tunneling with the new gained knowledge on superconductivity he could think of an experiment to prove or disprove the existence of energy gap in superconductors, which was very crucial for the correctness of the new Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity. In a funny manner, he told that it is usually a dream to prove a famous theory wrong. Surpassing all speculations, their experiment proved the existence of energy gap in superconductors and hence the BCS theory. He felt like a physicist for the first time. He got his Nobel prize in 1973 along with Leo Esaki and Brian D. Josephson.

He shared with us some interesting events in his life. He wrote a letter to Bardeen (Nobel prize in physics in 1956 for solid state transistor and in 1972 for BCS theory) asking him about the Nobel prize awarding ceremony. Bardeen replied like this,

Dear Ivar,

The first time I got the Nobel prize, I did not take my family. I regretted that. Hence the second time, I went with my family. ….
So Giaever took his family to the Nobel ceremony.

About Josephson effect, he also did the same experiment. But he missed to notice the effect. In the last 35 years he has been asked many times whether he felt bad about it. `The answer is clearly no, because to make an experimental discovery it is not enough to observe something, one must also realize the significance of the observation, and in this instance I was not even close,’ Ivar answered.

He believes luck is the necessary ingredient for scientific discovery. But discoveries come only to prepared minds. His advice to the students was that, ‘Always go to the classes. You never know what you might miss and the pay offs might be sometimes very big.’ His idea of the experiement, indeed, came during Prof. Huntington’s class. As doing Nobel quality research, he has given 8 advices.
1. Be curious
2. Be competitive. Physicists are competitive.
3. Be creative.
4. Be stubborn. In his view, physicists are not nice people, they are rude. (But Laureate Philip D. Hall (2005) disagreed on the issue of physicists’ being not nice in the next session.)
5. Be self confident.
6. Be skeptical.
7. Be patient.
8. Be LUCKY!

The most inspiring part of his lecture for me, you do not need to be an expert to make scientific discovery. Often a newcomer to a field has a great advantage because he is ignorant and does not know all the complicated reasons why a particular experiment should not be attempted. He was once ignorant about the inappropriateness of the use of copper contacts to superconductors which, actually, made him a step forward. After him, everyone started to use copper as contacts to superconductors.

At last he presented a calculation the probability of getting a Nobel prize if we lived in USA.

1. There are 40000 physicists in USA.
2. On average each year one American scientist gets a Nobel prize in physics.
3. The probability of not getting the Nobel prize = 1 – 1/40000 = 39999/40000.
4. Average year of active research of a physicist in USA= 40 years
5. The probability of not getting the Nobel prize in life time = (39999/40000)^40=0.999.
6. The probability of getting one Nobel prize = 1 – 0.999 =1/1000

To Giaever, `That is, indeed, better than odds of winning in Lotto!’

Good luck all. I am very happy to meet an engineer Nobel Laureate who started quantum mechanics at the age of 29. Greats inspiration for us, the people with BS in engineering.

We will soon update you on our experiences with other laureates.

1 July 2008

Opening ceremony, chocolate science and a fact based world view.

Devil itself provokes us to indulge ourselves into the mischievous world of chocolates. But as I attended the opening ceremony of the 58th meeting of Laureates in Physics, this idea seemed to change. Chocolate science is, in fact, advancing the state-of-the-art science and technology. Pamela Mars Wright, one of the benefactors of the famous chocolate company, Mars Inc., which has been a close collaborator with this Lindau meeting, informed all the audience of their big R&D project across the globe. One of the research that intrigues me is their work on thin film photonic structures with which they intend to control the color of their m&m gems without using artificial color.

The opening ceremony was grand. The composition of theramin by Kavina, the most celebrated performer of theramin in the world and piano by Kouzmenko filled the air with grandeur and made the air heavy. Countess Sonja Bernadotte delivered her opening message and introduced to us the laureates, at first Smoot (2006), Grunberg (2007) who are attending the meeting for the first time.

The concluding lecture by Prof. Rosling of Korolinska Institute, Stockholm was the most pleasant experience of the day. About the world view, we are very much driven by the presumption, not by facts. In a very jolly manner, he pointed out how ignorant we are about the current world situation. He drew an example. The best of his Swedish students scored an average 1.8/5 in multiple choice quiz he designed on the child mortality rate. Well, a group of Chimpanzees would score an 2.5 /5 based on equal probability for each answer. The professors scored better than students, 2.4/5 still worse than the Chimpanzees. He calls this predetermined ignorance. He did drew analogy of country taxonomy. We used to categorize countries into developed and developing countries. But this division is based on the assumption that there is a big gap in the economic indicators of this groups of countries. But actually he refered the curves like life expectancy vs GDP which clearly shows that unlike 1950s all the countries are uniformly distributed in this graph. The source of this ignorance, is it a propaganda? He did not indictae that directly. One of his concluding remarks were this, the corporate sector has a better understanding of the world than the academic sector. Why? Because they find out the best places to invest.

Realizing a dream

Hi all!

Welcome all to the first blog by the Bangladeshi participants of the 58th Lindau Meeting of Nobel Laureates - dedicated to physics (29 June - 4 July 2008, http://www.lindau-nobel.de). We will start our journey for Lindau tomorrow.

Notification of our acceptance by the Lindau Council came in mid-April 2008. Over-excited we were! However, very soon travel expenses loomed a dark cloud over our prospects of attending the meeting, we emitted a large numbers of photons and phonons of anxiety and got down from the excited state to somewhere below the ground state. Imminent final year exam, scheduled to start from June 15 2008 of Omer and Mainul added to our hopelessness. All these issues have been sorted out very conveniently. Under the patronage of Prof. A. Karim, North American Bangladeshi Islamic Council (NABIC) came forward to sponsor for two of us. Bangladesh Academy of Sciences has also agreed to sponsor the remaining one. Omer and Mainul also have no exams scheduled during the trip. Obtaining German visa was also a very smooth experience for us. En-route to Lindau, Bangladeshis at Munich will provide local hospitality. We soon introduce them to you.

We thank all the initiators of this program in Bangladesh. Thanks to Bangladesh Academy of Sciences for patronizing this event,to NABIC for supporting us, to Prothom Alo for providing superb media coverage. And lastly our deepest condolences for Fattah sir. Without him, we would not have this grand opportunity.

Twenty-five Nobel laureates including four chemistry laureates and one medicine/physiology laureate would attend the meeting. Here is the list of Nobel laureates along with their Nobel prize citations.

1.Prof. Dr. Theodor W. Hänsch -2005, "for contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

2.Prof. Dr. Peter Grünberg -2007, "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"

3.Prof. Dr. Ivar Giaever -1973, "for experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"

4.Prof. Dr. Klaus von Klitzing-1985, "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"

5.Prof. Dr. William D. Phillips -1997, "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

6.Prof. Dr. John L. Hall -2005, "for contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

7.Prof. Johann Deisenhofer [Chemistry Nobel Prize]-1988
8.Prof. Dr. Robert Huber [Chemistry Nobel Prize]-1988
9.Prof. Dr. Hartmut Michel [Chemistry Nobel Prize]-1988, "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"

10.Prof. Dr. James Watson Cronin -1980, "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"

11.Prof. Dr. Riccardo Giacconi-2002,"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"

12.Prof. Dr. George F. Smoot -2006, "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"

13.Prof. Dr. Martinus.J.G. Veltman -1999, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

14.Prof. Dr. David Gross -2004, "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"

15.Prof. Dr. Donald A. Glaser -1960, "for the invention of the bubble chamber"

16.Prof. Dr. Nicolaas Bloembergen-1981, "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy

17.Prof. Dr. Roy J. Glauber -2005, "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"

18.Prof. Dr. Douglas D. Osheroff -1996, "for discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"

19. Prof. Dr. Brian D. Josephson -1973,"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"

20.Prof. Dr. Gerardus ´t Hooft -1999, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

21. Prof. Dr.Jack Steinberger-1988, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

22.Prof. Dr. Arber Werner -The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978, "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

23.Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Eigen Manfred -The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967, "for studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"

24.Prof. Rubia -1984, "for decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"

We would start our journey to meet the Nobel laureates tomorrow-with our hearts pounding with excitement, with our eyes opalescent, with our souls overjoyed. We would try to update you on this meeting. Keep an eye on this blog.

Thanks all.

-Asif,Omer, Mainul

Congratulations

I am taking this opportunity to introduce 3 of our young reseracher who has been selected for this year Lindau Nobeld Conference 2008.

Here are three

1. Asif Islam Khan,
Lecturer
EEE Department, BUET

2.Omer Sampad 4th year, Dept of Physics
University of Dhaka.

3. Mainul Hossain 4th year
Dept of Applied Physics,Electronics & Communication Engineering [APECE]
University of Dhaka.


You all know that the first conference of this year is on Physics.

Congratulations Asif, Sampad and Mainul.

Lindau Nobel Laurete Meeting Participant Alumni.

Evaluation report for the 57th Meeting of Nobel Laureates

Finally, the evaluation report for the 57th Meeting of Nobel Laureates is finished.
It is published on our website and gives a comprehensive overview over this year?s
meeting. The report contains statements with pictures of young researchers and the
Nobel Laureates, pictures from events during the meeting, the results of the
evaluation process, and a lot of information about the benefactors and donors that have madepossible this Lindau Dialogue. Statements show what the Lindau Meetings mean to young researchers and their future careers. Together with the results of our survey they confirm that we are on the right track and encourage the Lindau Council and Foundation to move forward.

Read the report here:
http://www.lindau-nobel.de/content/section/2/17/

Best regards,
Christian Rapp

Lindau Nobel 2007 participants from Bangladesh

Lindau Nobel Laureates Meeting for Physiology and Medicine, Germany, 2007

Discussion Session with the Laureates

Opening Ceremony at Inselhalle

Particant Laureates

What they are listening? Yes that was an amazing moment for them..!!

Dont miss these at Lindau !!!

Bravarian Port mark and German Flag at Lindau 2007